Physically inactive middle-aged women (engaging in less than 1 hour of exercise per week) experienced a 52% increase in all-cause mortality, a doubling of cardiovascular-related mortality and a 29% increase in cancer-related mortality compared with physically active women. 29 Furthermore, an increase in energy expenditure from physical activity of 1000 kcal (4200 kJ) per week or an increase in physical fitness of 1 MET (metabolic equivalent) was associated with a mortality benefit of about 20%. For instance, being fit or active was associated with a greater than 50% reduction in risk. Recent investigations have revealed even greater reductions in the risk of death from any cause and from cardiovascular disease. 6, 20 – 26īoth men and women who reported increased levels of physical activity and fitness were found to have reductions in relative risk (by about 20%–35% 27, 28) of death (see Appendix 2, available at For example, in a study involving healthy middle-aged men and women followed up for 8 years, the lowest quintiles of physical fitness, as measured on an exercise treadmill, were associated with an increased risk of death from any cause compared with the top quintile for fitness (relative risk among men 3.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 5.8, and among women 4.7, 95% CI 2.2 to 9.8). Since the seminal work of Morris and colleagues in the 1950s 16, 17 and the early work of Paffenbarger and colleagues in the 1970s, 18, 19 there have been numerous long-term prospective follow-up studies (mainly involving men but more recently women also) that have assessed the relative risk of death from any cause and from specific diseases (e.g., carciovascular disease) associated with physical inactivity. We also have included important new findings regarding the relation between physical activity and fitness and all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality. Using our best judgment, we selected individual studies that were frequently included in systematic reviews, consensus statements and meta-analyses and considered them as examples of the best evidence available. Some of the most commonly cited cohorts have been described in different studies over time as more data accumulate (see Appendix 2, available online at In this review, we searched the literature using the key words „physical activity,” „health,” „health status,” „fitness,” „exercise,” „chronic disease,” „mortality” and disease-specific terms (e.g., „cardiovascular disease,” „cancer,” „diabetes” and „osteoporosis”). These evaluations are often overlapping (reviewing the same evidence). Several authors have attempted to summarize the evidence in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
6 benefits of physical activity how to#
28 issue, we will review how to evaluate the health-related physical fitness and activity levels of patients and will provide exercise recommendations for health. In a companion paper, to be published in the Mar.
(A glossary of terms related to the topic appears in Appendix 1). We also discuss the evidence relating to physical fitness and musculoskeletal fitness and briefly describe the independent effects of frequency and intensity of physical activity. 15 In this article we review the current evidence relating to physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of premature death from any cause, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some cancers and osteoporosis. 1 – 14 The prevalence of physical inactivity (among 51% of adult Canadians) is higher than that of all other modifiable risk factors. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a widening variety of other chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer (colon and breast), obesity, hypertension, bone and joint diseases (osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), and depression.
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